What did the term 'phalanx' refer to in ancient Greece?

The term 'phalanx' in ancient Greece specifically referred to a military formation characterized by a dense grouping of heavily armed infantry soldiers, typically equipped with long spears known as sarissas and large shields. This formation allowed soldiers to stand shoulder to shoulder, creating a formidable line that was difficult for enemies to break. The collective strength of the phalanx relied on the interlocking shields that provided protection and a strong frontal attack capability.

This formation became a hallmark of Greek warfare, especially during the Classical period, and was utilized with great effectiveness by city-states such as Sparta and Athens. The phalanx maneuver was pivotal in the success of Greek armies in various battles, emphasizing discipline, coordination, and the ability to move as a cohesive unit. The heavy infantry aspect of the phalanx means it relied on well-trained soldiers, rather than light-armed skirmishers or cavalry, making it distinct in the context of ancient military tactics.