What year was the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed, which ceded California to the United States?

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in 1848, marking the end of the Mexican-American War. This treaty was significant because it resulted in Mexico ceding a large portion of its territory to the United States, including present-day California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico. The signing of this treaty dramatically transformed the boundaries of the United States and played a critical role in its expansion westward.

The other years listed do not correlate with key treaties or events in U.S. history in relation to California's acquisition. The year 1713 corresponds to the Treaty of Utrecht, which involved European powers in the context of their colonial empires, rather than U.S.-Mexico relations. The year 1991 does not relate to territorial changes involving the United States, and while 1862 is historically significant for other reasons, it is also not connected to the treaty that ceded California to the United States.